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Wolda1991 Wolda1991 Wolda1991 Wolda1992 Wolda1992 Wolda1992 Wolda1992 Wolda1992 Wolda1992 Wolda1993 Wolda1993 Wolda1995 Wolda1996 Wolda1996 Wolda1998 Wong19888 Wright WrightrJ Wright0U Wright1989V Wright1989 Wright1990 Wright19900 Wright1990% Wright1991F Wright1991G Wright1991 Wright19910H Wright1992 Wright19920 Wright19920 Wright19920 Wright1993 Wright1994 Wright1994 Wright1994I Wright1994 Wright19942 Wright1995a Wright1995e Wright1995 Wright1995 Wright1999 Wright1999 Wright2001a Yavitt1993 Yoder1992> Young1977 "# $  !& Authors% JournalsKeywordsA   ""######    !! #   "&"$ 2H6T .'Cornejo, F.H. Verala, A. Wright, S.J. 1994haTropical forest litter decomposition under seasonal drought: nutrient release, fungi and bacteriao"Oikos,702p183-190JIrrigation was used to study the consequences of seasonal drought for nutrient release and bacterial and fungal numbers during dry season litter decomposition in tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Litter bags containing a single species of leaves were placed beneath conspecific trees at the onset of the dry season in December 1987 and collected at one-month intervals until the onset of the wet season in May 1988. Serial dilutions were used to quantify densities of fungi and bacteria. Nutrient concentrations in recalcitrant litter fractions showed rapid declines in the first month of exposure (K, P) followed by bioaccumulation (N) or no significant changes over the next four months (P, K Mg and most Ca). Irrigation depressed K concentrations and enhanced N and Mg concentrations possibly as a consequence of leaching and bioaccumulation. respectively. Irrigation also depressed fungal densities at the community level and for three of eight species that were analysed separately. Densities of three of the remaining species of fungi varied significantly among litter substrate species. Bacterial densities were enhanced by irrigation after one month of exposure but were depressed after five months which may reflect reduced litter substrate quality.Paul S. Cwikla Wolda, H. 1986USeasonality and Two New Species of Panamanian Xestocephalus (Hemoptera: Cicadellidae)\";>7 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington882 344-350HADalling, J. W. Muller-Landau, H. C. Wright, S. J. Hubbell, S. P. 2002TNRole of dispersal in the recruitment limitation of neotropical pioneer speciesJournal of Ecology90714-727^XDaws, Matthew I. Mullins, Christopher E. Burslem, David F.R.P. Paton, S.R. Dalling, J.W. 2002`ZTopographic position affects the water regime in a semideciduous tropical forest in PanamPlant and Soil 238 79-90JCmatric potential, niche specialisation, water balance, water regimeThe effects of topographic position on water regime in a semideciduous tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island in Panama were assessed by measuring soil matric potential using the filter paper technique and by using measured soil water release characteristics to convert a long-term (20 years) gravimetric water content data-set to matric potential. These were also compared against predictions from a simple water balance model. Soil matric potentials on slope sites were significantly higher than on plateau sites throughout the measurement interval and slopes experienced a shorter duration of drought during the annual dry-season. Measured values of matric potential agreed with those predicted from converting the gravimetric measurements using water release characteristics. Annual duration of drought predicted by the simple water balance model agreed with values determined from the converted long term water content data-set and was able to predict the annual duration of drought on plateau sites. On slope sites, the water balance systematically and significantly overestimated the duration of drought obtained from the water content data-set, suggesting that slope sites were supplied with water from upslope. Predictions of annual drought duration from sites with higher annual rainfall than Barro Colorado Island (BCI), suggest that while plateau sites on BCI experience a water regime consistent with annual rainfall, slopes experience a water regime more similar to that of forests with much higher rainfall. We conclude that such large variations in water regime over small spatial scales may play a role in maintaining high species richness through providing opportunities for niche specialisation and by buffering slopes against possible climate change.$$De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H.1 1978SNew species of Polana and Curtara (Gyponinae) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Panama!& Ent. News89Nov.-Dec 9810.(De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. Estribi, M. 1980XQThe Xestocephaline leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cacadellidae) known to occur in PanamaiBrenesia17251-280n"De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. 1982HNew species of Gyponana (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Panama and MexicoEntolomogical News931 12-14"De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. 1982xNew species of Curtara, Polana and Acuera (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Gyponinae) from Panama, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela") Entomologica Scandinavica13301-311.(De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. Estribi, M. 19834.The Ponana (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) of PanamaVOProceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C 864455-474.(De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. Estribi, M. 1983ESome new species of Panama Xestocephalus (Homoptera: Xestocephalinae)f(& Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology32 73-808"De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. 1983pjNew species of Costanana and Acuponana, Gyponinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Central and South America2+Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 564466-468$De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. 1984hNew Panamanian Gyponine leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) belonging to the genera Polana and CurtaraU\`& Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology41 22-30.(De Long, M. Dwight Wolda, H. Estribi, M. 1984FSome new species of Panama Xestocephallus (Homoptera: Xestocephalinae))& Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology32 73-80.~r~q Wolda, H. Foster, R.B. 1978YZunacetha annulata (Lepidoptera: Dioptidae): an outbreak insect in a neotropical forest       Geo-Eco-Trop24443-454- Wolda, H.\ 19784-Fluctuations in abundance of tropical insectsAmerican Naturalistn 112d 988t 1017-1045t Wolda, H.\ 1979NGAbundance and diversity of Homoptera in the canopy of a tropical foresttEcological Entomologyr4}181-190 Wolda, H.\ 1979F@Fluctuaciones estacionales de insectos en el tropico: Sphingidae\UMemorias del VI Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia Scolen, Julio 25-27d Cali, Columbia 11058] Wolda, H.\ 1979JCFluctuations in abundance of some homoptera in a neotropical forest\ Geo-Eco-Trop3229-257b Wolda, H.\ 19794-Seasonality parameters for insect populationsiRes. Popul. Ecol.u20247-2565 Wolda, H.\ 1980ZTFluctuaciones estacionales de insectos en Hornitos ("Fortuna") Provincia de Chiriqu ConCiencia7 8-10 Wolda, H.\ 1980f`Insect diversity. [Review of: Diversity of insect faunas, edited by L. A. Mound and N. Waloff.] BioScience303\ 182n Wolda, H.p 1980ZSSeasonality of tropical insects. I. Leafhoppers (Homoptera) in Las Cumbres, Panama{American Zoologist19 1145-11565 Wolda, H.\ 1981ZSLong-term ecological studies with light-traps. Their practical and scientific value& Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology1d 1-2 1-5u Wolda, H.\ 19814-Similarity indices, sample size and diversity Oecologia503296-302Wolda, H. Fisk, F.W. 1981>8Seasonality of tropical insects. II. Blattaria in Panama Journal of Animal Ecologyn50827-838iWolda, H. Galindo, Pedro 1981HAPopulation fluctuations of mosquitoes in the non-seasonal tropics Ecological Entomologyg6a1  99-106 Wolda, H.\ 198281Seasonality of homoptera on Barro Colorado Islande <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes^  Washington $Smithsonian Institution Presss319-3303BCIbib,b Wolda, H.\ 19832+Diversidad de la entomofauna y como medirla*#Informe Final IX CLAZ Peru, Octoberp181-186f Wolda, H.\ 1983<5Diversity, diversity indices and tropical cockroaches\ Oecologia 583p290-298f Wolda, H.\ 198381Long term stability of tropical insect population\,&Researches on Population Ecology, Supp3112-126 Wolda, H.\ 198381Seasonality of homoptera on Barro Colorado Islandd @9A. Stanley Rand and Donald M. Windsor Egbert G. Leigh Jr.\LFThe Ecology of Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes  Oxford, U. K  Blackwell. 93-105BCIbib,b Wolda, H.\ 1983F@Spatial and temporal variations in abundance of tropical animals 2+T.C. Whitmore and A.C. Chadwick S.L. Sutton\60The Tropical Rainforest: Ecology and Management  Oxford, U.K. (!Blackwell Scientific Publications. 93-105& Wolda, H. Fisk, F.W. Estribi, M. 198360Faunistics of Panamanian cockroaches (Blattaria)& Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology3i1n 1-9b Wolda, H.\ 19842+Diversidad de la entomofauna y como medirlal*#Informe Final IX CLAZ Peru, Octobere181-186, Wolda, H.\ 19846/Diversity and seasonality of Panamanian cicadas0B;Mitteilungender Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellchaft57 451 Wolda, H.\ 1984yVariacin estacional en la abundancia de la plaga del maiz Peregrubys maidis (Ashmead) (Homoptera, Delphacidae) en Panam (!Revista Colombiana de Entomologa8 35-39 >LXP Wolda, H.\ 1990TMThe Czechoslovak-Vietnamese Expedition to the Nam Cat Tien Reserve: A Commentn ("J. Leps and M. Zacharda K. SpitzerVPNam Cat Tien: Czechoslovak Vietnamese Expedition, November 1989, Research Report Ceske Budejovice @9Institute of Entomology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciencesi 44-454 Wolda, H.\ 1990B?@A BDEFHGIJ KLNOPQSTUVWXZ\_Y][^abdefjhgikqr   "!oo`0 ifhgf`edba Tissue, D.T. Wright, S.J.\ 1995ztEffect of seasonal water availability on phenology and the annual shoot carbohydrate cycle of tropical forest shrubsFunctional Ecology9]518-527Toft, C. Levings, S.C. 1977\UTendencias estacionals relactionadas con las poblaciones de artopodos en la hojarascaHBActas del IV Simposium Internacional de Ecologa Trpical, Tomo II Panam, Rep. de Panam559-576 1982f_Population dynamics and seasonal recruitment in Bufo typhonius and Colostethus nubicola (Anura)NGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes @9A. Stanley Rand and Donald M. Windsor Egbert G. Leigh Jr. $Smithsonian Institution Press Washington D.C.397-40482Toft, Catherine A. Rand, A. Stanley Clark, Milton.F@Wheeler, D. Levings, S.C. Coley, P.D. Aiello, A. Belwood, J. 1986F@Impact of drought on a tropical moist forest: the arthopod fauna"Wieder, R. K. Wright, S. J.r 1995Mass balance estimates of litter decomposition in a moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama: effects of dry-season irrigationpEcology-76 1971-1979SWilson, D.E. Pine, R.H.i 1974Baiting for toads Copeia28 252{ Windsor, D.M. Rand, A.S.\ 1985LFCambios climticos en los registros de lluvias en Panam y Costa Rica. 6/Stanley Heckadon Moreno Jaime Espinosa GonzlezlVPAgonia de la Naturaleza Ensayos sobre el costo ambiental del desarrollo Panameo Panam d]Instituto de Investigacin Agropecuaria de Panam and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institutel147-164@:Windsor, D. M. Morrison, D. W. Estribi, M. A. de Len, D. 1989b[Phenology of Fruit and Leaf Production by 'Strangler' Figs on Barro Colorado Island, Panam ExperientiaM45647-653\*$Windsor, D.M Rand, A.S. William, M. 1990F@Caractersticas de la Precipitacin de la Isla de Barro Colorado <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorRKEcologa de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazo "Balboa, Repblica de PanamP .'Smithsonian Tropical Research Institutet 53-71 |2kFjWindsor, D. M. 1990rlClimate and Moisture Variability in a Tropical Forest: Long-term Records from Barro Colorado Island, Panama.6/Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Washington, DC29 146Z".'Windsor, D.M. Riley, E.G. Stockwell, H. 1992zsAn Introduction to the Biology and Systematics of Panamanian Tortoise Beetles (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Cassidinae) D. Quintero Annette Aiello:4Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica - Selected Studies Oxford Oxford University Pressr372-391-LEWinter, Klaus Aranda, Jorge Garcia, Milton Virgo, Aurelio Paton, S.R.w 2001Effect of Elevated CO2 and Soil Fertilization on Whole-Plant Growth and Water Use in Seedlings of a Tropical Pioneer Tree, Ficus insipida Willd. @{ Flora 196 1-7RAtmospheric CO2, Ficus insipida, global change, growth, tropical forest, water use @ Wolda, H.\ 1977JCFluctuations in abundance of some Homoptera in a neotropical forest Geo-Eco-Trop3229-2575  Wolda, H.\ 1977La estabilidad del medio ambiente tropical y sus poblaciones: resmenes recibidos para el Simposium. Simposium Internacional de Ecologa Tropical IV, Panam 212^ Wolda, H.\ 1977F@Stabiliteit en instabiliteit van insectenpopulaties in de Tropen"Contactbland voor Oecologenl134} 70-74 Wolda, H.\ 197760Ecologa de insectos en la Provincia de Chiriqu ConCiencia41o 3-5 Wolda, H.\ 1977F@Fluctuaciones en la abundancia de insectos en el bosque tropical@9Actas del IV Simposium Internacional de Ecologa Tropical Panam, Rep. de Panam2]519-540 Wolda, H.\ 1978PISeasonal fluctuations in rainfall, food and abundance of tropical insectsb Journal of Animal Ecologyb47369-381 Wolda, H.\ 1978xqEstudios ecolgicos sobre insectos en la regin de Fortuna y su importancia para la conservacin de la naturalezat ConCiencia5n1; 3-6r _^]\[ZYX>WV2,Sternberg, L.S.L. Mulkey, S.S. Wright, S.J. 1989D>Oxygen isotope ratio stratification in a tropical moist forest Oecologia 81 51-56t& Sunquist, M.E. Montgomery, G.G. 1973HActivity pattern of a trans-located silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus)4G J. Mammalolgy54 782e&Sunquist, M.E. Montgomery, G.G. 1973vActivity patterns and rates of movement of two-toed and three-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmani and Bradypus infuscatus)K]au J. Mammalolgy54946-954nTanaka, Seiji Wolda, H. 1987ngSeasonal Wing Length Dimorphism in a Tropical Seed Bug Ecological Significance of the Short-Winged Formo Oecologia5734f559-565!.'Tanaka, Seiji Denlinger, D.L. Wolda, H.o 1987b[Day length and Humidity as Environmental Cues for Diapause Termination in a Tropical BeetleiPhysiological Entomology12213-224}.'Tanaka, Seiji Wolda, H. Denlinger, D.L. 1987vpSeasonality and its Physiological Regulation in Three Neotropical Insect Taxa from Barro Colorado Island, Panama*#Insect Science and its Applications)81(4/5/6)(507-514e.'Tanaka, Seiji Denlinger, D.L. Wolda, H. 1988mSeasonal Changes in the Photoperiodic Response Regulating Diapause in a Tropical Beetle, Stenotarsus rotundusJX"Journal of Insect Physiology3412 1135-1142Tanaka, Seiji Wolda, H.\ 1988leOviposition Behavior and Deil Rhythms of Flight and Reproduction in Two Species of Tropical Seed BugstTNProceedings of the Koninglijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series C912u165-174n.'Tanaka, Seiji Wolda, H. Denlinger, D.L.g 1988@:Group Size Affects the Metabolic Rate of a Tropical BeetlePhysiological Entomology13239-241i:3Tanaka, Seiji Guardia, M. Denlinger, D.L. Wolda, H.\ 1990vpRelationships Between Body Size, Reproductive Traits, and Food Resource in Three Species of Tropical Flesh Flies& Researches in Population Ecology32303-317 JDThorington, Jr., Richard W. Tannenbaum, Vernice Tarak, A. Rudran, R. 1982NGDistribution of trees on Barro Colorado Island: a five hectare sample. <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changesn Washington D.C.D $Smithsonian Institution Pressr 83-943BCIbib,b! h"  N  Wright, S. J. Caldern, O. 1999JDEl Nio events influence plant reproduction in a wet tropical forest4-Center for Tropical Forest Science Newslettero Summer3\,%Z Wright, S. J.o 2001HAEl fenmeno de El Nio y los bosques de la Isla de Barro Colorado0 Stanley Heckadon MorenoaPanam: puente biolgico Panam .(Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.112-117 Wright, S. J.o 2002XRPlant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence Oecologia  130\ 1-14  Wright, S.J. 2002B;El fenmeno de El Nio y los bosques de isla Barro Coloradob S. Heckadon-MorenoPanam: Puente Biolgico Colombia Imprelibros, S. A. Wright, S.J. 2002`YLa influencia del fenmeno climtico de El Nio sobre la fenologa del bosque neotropical M. R. Guariguata G. Kattan60Ecologa y conservacin de bosques neotropicales Cartago, Costa RicaZ "Libro Universitario Regional 35-53F?S. Joseph Wright Osvaldo Caldern Andrs Hernandz Steven Patonr 2004\UAre Lianas Increasing In Importance In Tropical Forests? A 17-Year Record From PanamatEcologyr852o484489ZyBarro Colorado Island; El Nio; leaf litter; leaf production; lianas; seedlings; seeds; temporal trends; tropical forestsThe relative importance of large lianas (woody vines) increased by 100% for stem enumerations conducted during the 1980s and 1990s in widely scattered Neotropical forests. We use three independent types of data to evaluate the hypothesis that lianas have increased in importance in old growth forests on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Liana leaf litter production and the proportion of forest-wide leaf litter composed of lianas increased between 1986 and 2002. In contrast, liana seed production and liana seedling densities were much more variable through time with particularly high levels during and immediately after El Nio years. Longer time series will be required to detect shifts in life-form composition for highly dynamic seed and seedling communities. The Barro Colorado Island leaf production data are, however, consistent with the hypothesis that lianas are increasing in importance in Neotropical forests.L'TMSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Ancn, PanamaM Wright, S. J.oIn Press^WThe El Nio Southern Oscillation influences plant reproduction in wet tropical forests.\ M. R. Guariguata G. Kattan.(Ecologia del bosque lluvioso neotropical San Jose, Costa Rica IICA Wright, S. J.oIn Press\VThe El Nio Southern Oscillation influences tree performance in tropical rain forests. C. Moritz E. Berminghaml$Rain forests: past and future. "University of Chicago Press.NGWright, S. J. Muller-Landau, H. C. Caldern, Osvaldo Hernandz, Andrsin press`YAnnual and spatial variation in seedfall and seedling recruitment in a Neotropical forestuEcologyc0*Yavitt, J. B. Wieder, R. K. Wright, S. J. 1993\VSoil nutrient dynamics in response to irrigation of a Panamanian tropical moist forestBiogeochemistry19 1-25"Yavitt, J. B. Wright, S. J. 2001^WDrought and irrigation effects on fine root dynamics in a tropical moist forest, Panama{ Biotropica33421-434a"Yavitt, J. B. Wright, S. J.t 2002vpCharge characteristics of soil in a lowland tropical moist forest in Panama in response to dry-season irrigation*#Australian Journal of Soil ResearchZ40269-2810)Yavitt, J. B. Wright, S. J. Wieder, R. K.i 2004Seasonal drought and dry-season irrigation influence leaf-litter nutrients and soil enzymes in a moist, lowland forest in PanamaAustral Ecology292 177voClimatic conditions should not hinder nutrient release from decomposing leaf-litter (mineralization) in the humid tropics, even though many tropical forests experience drought lasting from several weeks to months. We used a dry-season irrigation experiment to examine the effect of seasonal drought on nutrient concentrations in leaf-fall and in decomposing leaf-litter. In the experiment, soil in two 2.25-ha plots of old-growth lowland moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama, was watered to maintain soil water potential at or above field capacity throughout the 4-month dry season. Wet-season leaf-fall had greater concentrations of nitrogen (N, 13.5 mg g 1) and calcium (Ca, 15.6 mg g 1) and lower concentrations of sulfur (S, 2.51 mg g 1) and potassium (K, 3.03 mg g 1) than dry-season leaf-fall (N = 11.6 mg g 1, Ca = 13.6 mg g 1, S = 2.98 mg g 1, K = 5.70 mg g 1). Irrigation did not affect nutrient concentrations or nutrient return from forest trees to the forest floor annually (N = 18 g m 2, phosphorus (P) = 1.06 g m 2, S = 3.5 g m 2, Ca = 18.9 g m 2, magnesium = 6.5 g m 2, K = 5.7 g m 2). Nutrient mineralization rates were much greater during the wet season than the dry season, except for K, which did not vary seasonally. Nutrient residence times in forest-floor material were longer in control plots than in irrigated plots, with values approximately equal to that for organic matter (210 in control plots vs 160 in irrigated plots). Calcium had the longest residence time. Forest-floor material collected at the transition between seasons and incubated with or without leaching in the laboratory did not display large pulses in nutrient availability. Rather, microorganisms immobilized nutrients primarily during the wet season, unlike observations in tropical forests with longer dry seasons. Large amounts of P moved among different pools in forest-floor material, apparently mediated by microorganisms. Arylsulfatase and phosphatase enzymes, which mineralize organically bound nutrients, had high activity throughout the dry season. Low soil moisture levels do not hinder nutrient cycling in this moist lowland forest..(Yoder, J. A. Denlinger, D. L. Wolda, H. 1992kAggregation Promotes Water Conservation during Diapause in the Tropical Fungus beetle, Stenotarsus rotundusnVEntomol. Exp. Appl.63203-205Wz, z$Wolda, H. Denlinger, David L. 1984:4Diapause in a large aggregation of a tropical beetleEcological Entomologyf9d2a217-230nWolda, H. Broadhead, E.J 1985B;Seasonality of Psocoptera in two tropical forests of Panama\ Journal of Animal Ecologys54519-530\"Wolda, H. Flowers, R. Wills 1985f`Seasonality and diversity of mayfly adults (Ephemeroptera) in a nonseasonal tropical environment Biotropica174a330-335^ Wolda, H.\ 19852,Estabilidad de insectos en la selva panamea$Revista Peruana de Entomologa26 25-29P*#Entomology; Insects; Panama; Panam Wolda, H.a 1985oSeasonal distribution of sloth moths Cryptoses choloepi Dyar (Pyralidae; Chrysauginae) in light traps in Panamas$= Montgomery, G. GeneaHAThe Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and VermilinguasK Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press313-318LWolda, H. Estrib, M.o 1985ySeasonal distribution of the Large Sloth Beetle Uroxys gorgon Arrow (Scarabaeidae; Scarabaeinae) in Light Traps in Panamax0C Montgomery, G. GenerHAThe Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution PressL313-318 Wolda, H.p 1986(!Insectos de las Selvas Tropicales\ &J. Pinochet and G. von Lindemans("Memorias del Taller de Entomologa ,%Panam, 2-5 de diciembre, 1985 Panamr  C.A.T.I.E]123-125 Wolda, H.\ 1986$Seasonality and the Community; J.H.R. Gee and P.S. GillerlfOrganization of Communities, Past and Present Symposium British Ecological Society, Aberystwyth, Wales Oxford (!Blackwell Scientific Publicationso 69-757"Wolda, H. Sabrosky, Curtis W 1986JInsect Visitors to Two Forms of Aristilichia pilosa in Las Cumbres, Panama 3 Biotropica184295-299Wolda, H. Roubik, D.W. 1986NHNocturnal Bee Abundance and Seasonal Bee Activity in a Panamanian ForestEcology3672\426-433b Wolda, H.\ 19876/Altitude, Habitat and Tropical Insect Diversity00)Biological Journal of the Linnean Society\304\313-323Wolda, H. Tanaka, Seiji  1987TDormancy and Aggregation in a Tropical Insect Jadera obscura (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae).<LEProceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen903351-366 Wolda, H.\ 1988Insect Seasonality, Why?.(Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics19 1-18Wolda, H. Wong, Marina 1988NHTropical Insect Diversity and Seasonality. Sweep-Samples vs. Light-TrapsTNProceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series C912^203-216 Wolda, H.\ 1989Comment on the Article On Testing Temporal Niche Differentiation in Carabid Beetles by M. Loreau and the Comment on the Article of M. Loreau by P.J. den Boerl Oecologia8199 Wolda, H.\ 1989F@Energy Requirements of Tropical Insects During an Adverse SeasonRKProceedings on the Nutritional Ecology of Insects and Environment Symposiumd Muzeffarhagar, India 1-9 Wolda, H.\ 1989RLThe Equilibrium Concept and Density Dependence Tests. What Does it all Mean? Oecologiai81430-432t Wolda, H.\ 1989F?Seasonal Cues in Tropical Organisms. Rainfall? Not Necessarily!o Oecologiao80437-442 >  6Andrews, R.M. Rand, A.S. 1982USeasonal breeding and long-term population fluctuations in the lizard Anolis limiponsE <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changess Washington D.C $Smithsonian Institution Press7404-412Andrews, R.M. Rand, A.S. 1983^-Limited dispersal of juvenile Anolis limiponsr"Copeia2 429-434g Andrews, R.M.l 1988EDemographic Correlates of Variable Egg Survival for a Tropical Lizard\56& Oecologia]763376-382]0)Andrews, R.M. Stahl, S.J. Nicoletto, P.F. 1989lfIntra-population variation in age of sexual maturity of the tropical lizard Anolis limifrons in Panama"Copeia3}751-753-"Andrews, R.M. Nichols, J.D.o 1990WTemporal and Spatial Variation in Survival Rates of the Tropical Lizard Anolis limipons  G"Oikos]57215-221-Andrews, R.M. Rand, A.S. 1990uAdicin: Nuevas Percepciones Derivadas de la Continuacion de un Estudio a Largo Plazo de la Lagartija Anolis limipons]e <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorRKEcologa de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazoa "Balboa, Repblica de Panam .'Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute477-480Andrews, R.M. Rand, A.S. 1990cReproduccin Estacional y Fluctuaciones Poblacionales a Largo Plazo de la Lagartija Anolis limiponstS <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorRKEcologa de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazon "Balboa, Repblica de Panamap .'Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute469-478 Andrews, R.M. Kinney, B.S. 1990|Diel Pattern of Activity and Selected Ambient Temperature of the Sand-Swimming Lizard Sphenops sepsoides (Sauria: Scincidae)Uh6Israel Journal of Zoologyl37 65-735 Andrews, R.M.l 19910)Population Stability of a Tropical Lizardg$Ecologyr722d 1204-1217r"Andrews, R.M. Wright, S.J.t 1994RKLong-term population fluctuations of a tropical lizard: a test of causality\ L. J. Vitt E. R. Piankaf>8Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives Princeton, NJ. Princeton Univ Press267-2858Augspurger, Carol K. 1982"A cue for Synchronous Flower <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNHThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythrns and Long-term Changes Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution PressoAugspurger, Carol K. 1990,&Una Seal para la Floracin Sincrnica <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorRKEcologa de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazoe "Balboa, Repblica de Panama .'Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute3201-218f Wright, S. J.o 1992d]Seasonal Drought, Soil Fertility and the Species Density of Tropical Forest Plant Communities\&Trends in Ecology and Evolutiono78260-263&Trends in Ecology and EvolutionZB;Wright, S. J. Machado, Jos Luis Mulkey, S. S. Smith, A. P.a 1992PIDrought Acclimation Among Tropical Forest Shrubs (Psychotria, Rubiaceae)} Oecologia}89457-463l Oecologia  Wright, S. J. van Schaiki 19940)Light and the phenology of tropical treesAmerican Naturalist 143192- 199.(Wright, S. J. Gompper, M. E. DeLeon, B. 1994jdAre large predators keystone species in Neotropical forests? The evidence from Barro Colorado Island Oikosg712{279-294a Large cats have been hypothesized to act as keystone predators in Neotropical forests by limiting mid-sized terrestrial mammals, which in turn control forest regeneration. The evidence for this is based predominantly on cross-site comparisons involving Cosha Cashu (CC), Peru, with its complete predator complement, and Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, where puma and jaguar are no longer residents. We reevaluate the evidence in light of 725 km of transect censuses performed on BCI, comparisons with additional sites throughout the Neotropics, and historical changes in the BCI mammal fauna. Several mid-sized species showed habituation to humans near the BCI laboratory compound (where previous censuses had been carried out), indicating that cross-site comparisons, despite using similar methodologies, may be biased by differentially meeting technique assumptions, and that densities of these species at BCI and CC may not differ as greatly as previously assumed. Analyses of additional sites also indicate that individual species population density estimates for BCI, while high for several species, are not extreme. Cross-site analyses indicate that most, but not all, species show no significant difference in mean densities at sites with and without large cats. On the other hand, an evaluation of the qualitative historical evidence indicates that as cats were eliminated from BCI by poaching, many potential prey species population densities increased. These increases were not sustained, however, and may reflect natural population variability rather than the status of large cats. Finally, we examine the evidence for prey species controlling forest regeneration. While extreme removal of herbivorous and frugivorous mammals will profoundly affect forest regeneration, the effects of slight decreases in densities, or the effects of increased densities (as implicated by the keystone predator hypothesis) are equivocal. hRobinson, W.D. Robinson, S.K. Brawn, J.D.o 2000d^Forest bird community structure in central Panama: Influence of spatial scale and biog>8Robinson, W.D. Brawn, J.D. Robinson, T.R. Robinson, S.K. 2000:4Nesting success of understory forest birds in PanamaJournal of Avian Biology31151-164pclutch-size; interspecific-variation; life-history-evolution; nest-predation; nesting-success; selective-forces; tropics-; understory-forestGreater nest predation in tropical than temperate birds has been hypothesized to be a primary selective force generating latitudinal differences in avian life history traits. Few extensive data sets, however, have been available from tropical forests to compare with data from temperate forests. To increase the amount of empirical information available for addressing issues related to the evolution of life history traits of tropical birds, we measured the nesting success of understory birds in lowland forest of central Panama. We found and monitored the fates of 696 nests of 71 species over two breeding seasons. Daily nest predation rates for the ten species for which we obtained the largest samples ranged from 1.6 to 8.3%, equivalent to a loss of 43 to 92% of nests. These values overlapped extensively the range of daily predation rates experienced by ecologically similar species in North America. Proportion of nests fledging young, estimated with the Mayfield method, was significantly lower in tropical (range: 8 to 57%) than temperate (27 to 60%) species. Nesting success in Panama varied among years, however, being greater in 1996 than 1997. In 1996, nesting success was similar to that of species breeding in forest fragments of midwestern North America. When compared with success of nests in large, contiguous forest tracts of North America, however, tropical avian nesting success was consistently lower by approximately 23%. We conclude that nesting success in central Panama may be poor in most breeding seasons, but also may be punctuated by occasional years of relatively exceptional success, a possibility heretofore unappreciated because of a general paucity of data from the tropics. Furthermore, our results indicate substantial variation in levels of nesting success among species, and almost no variation in clutch size. Such large interspecific variation, as well as potentially large annual variation, in nesting success does not support the hypothesis that uniformly low levels of nesting success select for small tropical clutch sizes.   Aiello, A.Andrade, J. L. Andrade, J.L. Andrews, R.M.Andrews, Robin M. Aranda, Jorge Batista, F. Belwood, J.Bermingham, E. Brawn, J.D. Broadhead, E.Burslem, David F.R.P. Caldern, O.Caldern, Osvaldo Carrasco, C. Cavelier, J. Chazdon, R. Condit, R.Cornejo, F. H. Cornejo, F.H. D. J. Levey Dalling, J.Dalling, J. W. Dalling, J.W.Daws, Matthew I.De Long, M. Dwight De Long, M.D. De Steven, D.De Steven, DianeDe Steven, DianneDenlinger, D. L.Denlinger, David L. Dennis, B. E. Leigh, Jr.Engelbrecht, B.M.J. Estribi, M.Estribi, M. A. Estrib, M. Fisk, F.W.Flint Jr., O. S. Foster, R. B. Foster, R.B. Galetti, M.Garcia, MiltonGiacalone-Madden, J.Giacalone-Willis, J. Gilbert, G.S. Glanz, W. Goldstein, G.Gompper, M. E. Gompper, M.E. Gradwohl, J.Gradwohl, JudyGuariguata, M. R.Handely Jr, Charles O. Harms, K.E Harms, K.E. Heaney, L.Heckadon-Moreno, S. Hernandez, A.Hernandz, Andrs Herre, E.A Heyer, R. W.Holbrook, N. M.Holbrook, N.M. Howe, H.F.Hubbell, S .P.Hubbell, S. P. Hubbell, S.P.J.A Jones, T. C. Karr, J.R. Kaspari, M. Kattan, G. Kinner, D.A.Kitajima, Kaoru Kursar, T.A. Lefebvre, G. Leigh, E. Jr. Leigh, E.G. Leps, J.Levings, S. C. Longino, J.T.Loo de Lao, S. Losos, E. Lubin, Y. D. Ma, N. S. F.Machado, J. L. Machado, J.L. Marzluff, J.Meinzer, F. C. Meinzer, F.C.Montgomery, G. G.Moreno, RicardoMoreno, Stanley Heckadon Moritz, C.Morrison, D. W.Muedeking, M. H. Mulkey, S. S. Mulkey, S.S.Muller-Landau, H. C.Muller-Landau, H.C.Mullins, Christopher E. Nathan, R. Nichols, J.D. O'Brien, C.W. O'Brien, S.T. Osvaldo, C. Paton, S. R. Paton, S.R. Paton, Steven Pickering, J. Poulin, B. Putz, F.E. Ramos, J.A Rand, A.S. Resh, V. H.Robinson, S.K.Robinson, T.R.Robinson, W.D. Roubik, D.W.Sallabanks, R. Schaik, van Shapiro, B.A. Silva, W. R. Smith, A. P. Smith, A.P. Smythe, N.Stallard, R.F.Sternberg, L.S.L.Stockwell, H.P. Stotz, D.F.Sunquist, M. E. Terborg, J.Thorington, R.Thorington, R. W. Tissue, D.T.Traniello, J. F. A. Verala, A.Virgo, Aurelio Weschler, B. Wieder, R. K. Wieder, R.K. William, M. Willis, G. Windsor, D.Windsor, D. M. Windsor, D.M Windsor, D.M. Winter, Klaus Wolda, H. Wright, S. J.Wright, S. Joseph Wright, S.J. Yavitt, J. B. Yavitt, J.B. Yoder, J. A. Young, O. P. `("Agricultural and Forest EntomologyAustral Ecology(#Australian Journal of Soil Research Behav. Ecol. and SociobiolA Biotropica0-Center for Tropical Forest Science NewsletterEcologial EntomologyEcological EntomologyEcological Monographs EcologyFloraFunctional EcologyZJ. Trop. Ecol.0Journal of Avian BiologyJournal of Ecology Journal of Tropical Ecology NatureP OecologiaPlant and Soil Plant DiseasePlant-and-Soil@:Proceedings of the International Ornithological Conference Science$Trends in Ecology and EvolutionB d Aiello19866 Andrade1999 Andrews1982 Andrews1983 Andrews1988 Andrews1989 Andrews1990 Andrews1990 Andrews1990  Andrews1990  Andrews1991  Andrews1994 Aranda2001{ Augspurger1982  Augspurger1990Bartlett1999T Batista1983d Belwood1986 Brawn1998 Brawn1999 Brawn1999 Brawn2000 Brawn2000  Broadhead1985 Broadhead1985 Brokaw1998 Burslem2002Caldern1995Caldern1999 Caldern1999Caldern1999\Caldern2000\Caldern2001lCaldern2002 Caldern2004"Caldernin presspCarrasco1999Cavelier1999i Cavelier19999Chandler1996P Clark1982d Coley1986 Condit1998 Condit19999 Condit20011 ConditIn Presss Cornejo1990 Cornejo1990 Cornejo1990 Cornejo1994 Cwikla1986 Dalling2002 Dalling2002 DallingIn Press Daws2002 de Len1987h de Len1989 De Long1978 De Long1980 De Long1982 De Long1982 De Long1983 De Long1983 De Long1983 De Long1984 De Long1984 De Steven1984 De Steven1985 De Steven1986 De Steven1987  De Steven1989 De Steven1994 De Steven1996 De Steven2002 De Steven2002 DeLeon19944 Denlinger1984Z Denlinger1987[ Denlinger1987\ Denlinger1988^ Denlinger1988_ Denlinger1990! Denlinger1991 Denlinger1992 Dennis1993"Dietrich1982#Dietrich1990! Downes19919" Dunne1982# Dunne1990$ Eisenberg1973 Engelbrecht2002 Estribi1980B Estribi1982 Estribi1983 Estribi1983 Estribi1983 Estribi1984h Estribi1989 Estrib1985% Fisher1991& Fisk1979' Fisk1979 Fisk19811( Fisk1983 Fisk19833@ Flint Jr.1981 Flowers1985 Foster1978T Foster19999 Foster20011 Foster20022 FosterIn Presss Fraver1998*Froelich1977)Froelich1982 Galindo1981 Garcia2001{ Gauld1999 Giacalonein Prep.Giacalone-Madden1982Giacalone-Madden1990Giacalone-Willis2001 Gilbert1996S Glanz1982 Glanz1982 Glanz1990  Goldstein1999 Gompper1994+Gradwohl1983Gradwohl19855-Gradwohl1986+ Greenberg1983 Greenberg1985- Greenberg1986_ Guardia1990! Guardia1991@ H.198181 Handely Jr19960 Handely Jr19961 Handley1996 Harms1999 Harms2000 HarmsIn Press Heaney1982a Hernandez2000  Hernandz2004" Hernandzin press0 Herre1996 Herre2000. Heyer1976/ Heyer1976E Heyer1976 Holbrook19999% Howe1991  Hubbell1999 Hubbell2001 Hubbell2002 Hubbell2002 HubbellIn Press? Jones1975P Jones19760 Kalko19961 Kalko1996 Karr19999 Kaspari2001 Kaspari2001 Kinner1999 Kinney1990Kitajima20022 Kursar1995Lefebvre19993 Leigh1978S Leigh1982 Leigh19904 Leigh Jr.19825 Leigh Jr.19826 Leigh Jr.19907 Leigh Jr.1990 Leps19929b Levings19778 Levings19819 Levings1982: Levings1983; Levings1984< Levings1985d Levings1986= Levings1990 Longino2001  Loo de Lao1999> Lubin1977? Ma1975H Machado1992 Machado1992OMalmgren1976@McElravy1981AMcElravy1982  Meinzer1999? Miller19751B Milton1982W Montgomery1973X Montgomery1973D Montgomery1975-> Montgomery1977*Moor-Jankowski1977Morenoin Prep.? Morgan19751BMorrison1982hMorrison1989/ Muedeking1976E Muedeking1976U Mulkey1989V Mulkey19899F Mulkey1991G Mulkey1991H Mulkey1992 Mulkey19922I Mulkey1994J Mulkey1996n Muller-Landau2001 Muller-Landau2001 Muller-Landau2002 Muller-Landau2002  Muller-LandauIn Press" Muller-Landauin press Mullins2002 Nathan2001a Nichols1990 Nichols1999 Nicoletto1989 O'Brien1998 O'Brien1999 Paton1999 Paton2001 Paton2002 Paton2004 Pickering1999 Pickering2000 Pickering2001 Pickering2001f Pine1974 Poulin1999 Putz1984 Putz1985 Putz19879K Putz19872 Radulovich1995 Ramos1992L Rand1973N Rand1977N Rand1977 Rand198294 Rand1982 Rand1982 Rand1982 Rand1982 Rand19839g Rand1985 Rand1990 Rand1990`7 Rand1990i Rand1990@ Resh19810A Resh19822k Riley1992Robinson1998rRobinson1998r(Z'&%:$#j"N! "De Steven, Diane Putz, F.E.o 1984f`Impact of mammals on early recruitment of a tropical canopy tree, Dipteryx panamensis, in Panama Oikos43207-216"De Steven, Diane Putz, F.E. 1985:4Mortality rates of some rain forests palms in Panama* B. Principles 294\162-165$De Steven, Diana 1986RComparative Demography of a Clonal Palm (Oenocarpus mapora Subsp mapora) in Panama': B. Principles303100-104<6De Steven, Diane Windsor, D.M. Putz, F.E. de Len, B. 1987LFVegetative and Reproductive Phenologies of a Palm Assemblage in Panama Biotropica194d342-356$>De Steven, Diane 1989nGenet and Ramet Demography of Oenocarpus mapora spp. mapura, a Clonal Palm of Panamanian Tropical Moist Forest/Journal of Ecology77579-596De Steven, Diane 1994zTropical tree seedling dynamics: recruitment patterns and their population consequences for three canopy species in Panama J. Trop. Ecol.110369-383$$De Steven, Diane Wright, S.J.a 2002f`Consequences of variable reproduction for seedling recruitment in three neotropical tree speciesEcologyn 83:; 2315-2327}.'LE Denlinger, L. David Tanaka, S. Downes, W.L. Wolda, H. Guardia, M.l 1991|8Does Lack of Diapause Result in Less Insect Seasonality?  Oecologia87152-1544-Dietrich, William E. Windsor, D.M. Dunne, T. 1982>7Geology, climate and hydrology of Barro Colorado Island} <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes Washington D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press 21-464-Dietrich, William E. Windsor, D.M. Dunne, T.r 1990@9Geologia, Clima e Hidrologa de la Isla de Barro Colorado <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorRKEcologa de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazoa "Balboa, Repblica de Panams .'Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 25-51*$Eisenberg, J.F. Thorington Jr., R.W. 1973x3A preliminary analysis of a neotropical mamal faunaS Biotropical;5150-16182Engelbrecht, B.M.J. Wright, S.J. De Steven, Dianne 2002TMSurvival and ecophysiology of tree seedlings during El Nio drought in Panamau"Journal of Tropical Ecologya18569-579,%bR"Fisher, B. Howe, H.F. Wright, S.J.! 1991^Survival and growth of Virola surinamensis yearlings: Water augmentation in gap and understory* Oecologiao86292-297-Fisk, F.W. Wolda, H. 1979`YClaves para indentificar a las cucarachas del Panam Central: I parte: Especies voladorastCuadernos de Cienciasi2  3-45Fisk, F.W. Wolda, H.  1979HAKeys to the cockroaches of Central Panama, Part I: Flying species}2,Studies on Neotropical fauna and Environment14177-2012Fisk, F.W. Wolda, H. 1983mNew species of Ceratinoptera cockroaches from Panama and Costa Rica (Blattaria: Blattellidae: Plectopterinae)\<6Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington852286-296-60Shawn Fraver Nicholas V. L. Brokaw Alan P. Smith 1998JCDelimiting The Gap Phase In The Growth Cycle Of A Panamanian ForestG"Journal of Tropical Ecologyo14673-681Average Daily Global Radiation, Desmopsis, Gap Phase Regeneration, Panama, Protium, Tetragastris, Treefall Gap, Tropical Forest, BCIDespite the importance of treefall gaps in tropical forest dynamics, few studies have followed gap-phase processes for more than 2 y. We monitored, for five years, the growth and survival of many seedlings of Tetragastris panamensis (Engler) 0. Kuntze, Protium panamense (Rose) 1. M. Johnston, and Desmopsis panamensis (Rob.) Saff. (three common tree species of the Panamanian tropical moist forest) in artificially created treefall gaps and under intact-canopy control plots. On these same Plots, we also monitored light levels using hemispherical photographs taken over an 8-y period. Seedling height growth was faster in gaps than under intact canopies during the first 42 mo of regrowth, then declined to rates similar to those under intact canopies. Light levels in gaps similarly rose and fell, returning to pre-gap levels by month 48. Only Tetragastris panamensis showed higher survival in gaps, contrary to the general assumption that seedling survival is enhanced by gap creation. Our results document important transition points that mark the conclusion of the gap phase, suggesting an estimate of 4y for the duration of the gap phase in this tropical forest.}DNL Rand, A.S. 1973haLong-term stability in a tropical environment: year-to-year fluctuations on Barro Colorado Islandt0*II International Symp. on Tropical Ecology Caracas, VenezuelaRand, W.M. Rand, A.S.) 19774-The rainfall of Barro Colorado Island, Panama}@9Actas del IV Simposium Internacional de Ecologa Trpical\ Panam, Rep. de Panam1f 31-50"Rand, A.S. Rand, William M. 19824.Variation in rainfall on Barro Colorado Island @9A. Stanley Rand and Donald M. Windsor Egbert G. Leigh Jr.nNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes Washington D.C.C $Smithsonian Institution Pressy 47-60iBCIbib,C>8Robinson, W.D. Brawn, J.D. Robinson, T.R. Robinson, S.K. 1999B=b<;:9H8("Levings, S. C. Traniello, J. F. A. 1981F?Territoriality, nest dispersion and community structure in ants\ Psyche88265-319 & Levings, Sally C. Windsor, D. M. 1982D=Seasonal and annual variation in litter arthropod populations0 <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes Washington D.C.W $Smithsonian Institution PressX355-388Levings, S. C. 1983Seasonal, annual and among site variation in the ground ant community of a diciduous tropical forest: some causes of patchy species distributions,Ecological Monographs53435-455Z& Levings, Sally C. Windsor, D. M. 1984Litter moisture content as a determinant of litter arthropod distribution and abundance during the dry season on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Biotropica162c125-1315& Levings, Sally C. Windsor, D. M. 1985tmLitter arthropod populations in a tropical deciduous forest: relationships between years and arthropod groupst Journal of Animal Ecology954 61-69f(!Levings, Sally C. Windsor, D. M.e 1990B;Fluctuaciones de las Poblaciones de Artrpodos de Hojarasca0 <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorRKEcologa de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos Estacionales y Cambios a Largo Plazo "Balboa, Repblica de PanamX .'Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute443-452Y2,Lubin, Y. D. Montgomery, G. G. Young, O. P. 1977Food resources of anteaters (Edentata: Myrmecophagidae), I. A year's census of arboreal nests of ants and termites on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone Biotropica9 26-34WJCMa, N. S. F. Jones, T. C. Thorington, R. W. Miller, A. Morgan, L. 1975p@Y-autosome translocation in the howler monkey, Alouatta palliata-$Journal of Medical Primatology4[299-3076<5McElravy, E.P. Resh, V. H. Wolda H. Flint Jr., O. S. 1981LFDiversity and adult trichoptera in a non-seasonal tropical environment ,&G.E. Moretti. Dr. W. Junk PublicationsD=Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Trichoptera  The Hague20149-156W.'McElravy, P. Eric Wolda, H. Resh, V. H. 1982rkSeasonality and annual variability of caddisfly adults (Trichoptera) in a non-seasonal tropical environment\ Archiv. fur Hydrobiologier943302-317\VMeinzer, F. C. Andrade, J. L. Goldstein, G. Holbrook, N. M. Cavelier, J. Wright, S. J. 1999XQPartitioning of soil water among canopy trees in a seasonally dry tropical forestf Oecologia 121Z293-301F@Milton, Katharine Windsor, D. M. Morrison, D. W. Estribi, M. A. 1982<5Fruiting phenologies of two neotropical Ficus specieslEcology633752-762s(!Montgomery, G. G. Sunquist, M. E.e 1975PIImpact of sloths on neo-tropical forest energy flow and nutrition cyclingu Golley, F.B. E. Medina"Tropical Ecological Systems New York  Sprint-Verlanl$Moreno, Ricardo Giacalone, J.nin Prep.F@Ecology and Behavior of Ocelots on Barro Colorado Island, Panama @AXRAtmospheric CO2, Ficus insipida, global change, growth, tropical forest, water useBarro Colorado IslandBCI, Republic of PanamaY clutch-size$!community-level-litter-productioncommunity-structureDasyprocta punctatanadensity-dependent diversity El Nio El Nio Southern Oscillationlhenergy and nitrogen reserves, growth analysis, light availability, seedling establishment, soil nitrogen enhanceseENSOi famineo Sfine-root-biomassfruit and seed productioninterspecific-variationYirrigation-effect leaf litterleaf production lianaslife-history-evolutionnY litterfall-efmathematical-modelsHCmatric potential, niche specialisation, water balance, water regimeMazama americanar micrositesal- Nasua naricac neotropical-forest: habitat-nest-predationvolnesting-successolOdocoileus virginianusion Panamaleu Pervasive\XPervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forestpopulation-density: hpopulation-structure productivity- rainfall- recruitmentstrelative-abundance: hSciurus granatensisnuseasonal-variationtte,'seed-dispersal: consequences, processes seedlinge seedlingsseedsselective-forcesl,&semideciduous-lowland-forest-ecosystemspatial-ecology cspatial-patternsc spatial-scalespecies-diversityspecies-rarityityspecies-richnessyTayassu tajacuenstemporal trendstravel-distancesctropical forestnttropical forests tropics-eunderstory-forestwater-availabilityand zoogeographyn60Bartlett, R. Pickering, J. Gauld, I. Windsor, D. 1999XQEstimating global biodiversity: tropical beetles and wasps send different signals1Ecological Entomology124118-121<5Brawn, J.D. Robinson, S.K. Stotz, D.F. Robinson, W.D.n 1998>8Research needs for the conservation of Neotropical birds J. Marzluff R. Sallabankst2+Avian Conservation: Research and Management Washington, D. C.  Island Press323-335- K JIHGFE$Muedeking, M. H. Heyer, R. W.t 1976iDescriptions of eggs and reproductive patterns of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (amphibia: Leptodactylidae)c1M Herpetologica32137-1390)Mulkey, S. S. Smith, A. P. Wright, S. J.\ 1991RKComparative life history and physiology of two understory Neotropical herbs Oecologia88263-273k0)Mulkey, S. S. Wright, S. J. Smith, A. P. 1991LEDrought Acclimation of an Understory Shrub in a Tropical Moist Forest  American Journal of Botany78579-587@9Mulkey, S. S. Smith, A. P. Wright, S. J. Machado, J. L.l 1992VOFixed polyphenism controls water loss during drought in a tropical forest shrub\:4Proeeedings of the National Academy of Science (USA)89 9084-90880)Mulkey, S. S. Wright, S. J. Smith, A. P. 1994~xComparative physiology and demography of three Neotropical forest shrubs: alternative shade-adaptive character syndromesOecologia (Berlin)96526-536a0)Mulkey, S. S. Wright, S. J. Smith, A. P.\ 1996HAThe ecophysiology of understory plants in a tropical moist forest; ("S. S. Mulkey R. Chazdon A.P. Smith"Tropical Plant Ecophysiology New York Chapman and HallMuller-Landau, H. C. 2001ztSeed Dispersal in a Tropical Forest: Empirical Patterns, their Origins, and their Consequences for Forest Dynamics. Princeton University Muller-Landau, H. C. Nathan, R. Wright, S. J. Giacalone-Willis, J. Caldern, O. Willis, G. Hubbell, S .P. Condit, R. Foster, R. B. 2001ZSPatterns and causes of interannual variation in seed dispersal among tropical treesZTNMuller-Landau, H. C. Wright, S. J. Caldern, O. Hubbell, S. P. Foster, R. B. 2002b\Assessing recruitment limitation: Concepts, Methods, and Case Studies from a Tropical Forest *#D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva M. GalettieHASeed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Oxfordshire, UKX CAB InternationalX 35-53Y& `ZMuller-Landau, H. Dalling, J. Harms, K. Wright, S. J. Condit, R. Hubbell, S .P. Foster, R.In PressDisentangling the effects of dispersal patterns, density dependent mortality, and habitat preferences on the distributions of seedlings. E. Losos R. Condit0)The demography of tropical forest plants. Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press*$82Poulin, B. Wright, S.J. Lefebvre, G. Caldern, O. 1999vpInterspecific synchrony and asynchrony in the fruiting phenologies of congeneric bird-dispersed plants in Panama"Journal of Tropical Ecology152213-227^Plants potentially compete for seed dispersal. Selection may favour temporally segregated fruiting phenologies to minimize this competition and also to maintain resident populations of dispersal agents. Alternatively, selection may favour temporally aggregated fruiting phenologies when the effectiveness of seed dispersal agents varies seasonally or when large, synchronous fruit displays enhance dispersal. These evolutionary scenarios assume that plants share seed dispersal agents. This assumption and temporal overlap in fruiting phenologies were evaluated for the Miconia and Psychotria of central Panama. These two genera accounted for 18 and 27%, respectively, of 1096 fleshy fruits found in regurgitation or faecal samples taken from 2054 birds of 103 species netted in the forest understorey. Two species of manakins accounted for 62% (123/200) of all Miconia fruit taken. Three species of manakins and three species of migratory thrushes accounted for 97% (282/292) of all Psychotria fruits taken. There is a high potential for intrageneric competition for seed dispersal for both plant genera. Null model analyses showed that the fruiting phenologies of Miconia (14 species) are segregated in time, while fruiting of Psychotria (21 species) is highly aggregated. The Miconia were found in up to 24% of the diet samples for the two manakin species, suggesting that Miconia may be a critical resource for both species. The Psychotria fruited when the diversity of understorey fruits was greatest, suggesting a high potential for both intra- and extrageneric competition. The abundance and nomadism of the six bird species that consumed most Psychotria fruit peaked when the Psychotria fruited,supporting the enhancement hypothesis.&Putz, Francis E. Windsor, D.M.o 198760Liana Phenology on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Biotropica194p334-341{ UTZS0Q(PO^0)Robinson, W.D. Robinson, S.K. Brawn, J.D.o 2000d^Forest bird community structure in central Panama: Influence of spatial scale and biogeographyEcological Monographsi70209-236community-structure; neotropical-forest: habitat-; population-density; relative-abundance; spatial-scale; species-diversity; species-rarity; species-richness; zoogeography Historical and biogeographic contexts can play important, yet sometimes overlooked, roles in determining structure of local communities. In particular, few examinations of historical influences on patterns of species richness and relative abundances in tropical communities have been conducted. In part, that gap in our knowledge has been caused by a paucity of data on tropical communities, even for relatively well-studied taxa such as birds. In the Neotropics, only two sites, a 97-ha plot in lowland Peru and a 100-ha plot in French Guiana, have been inventoried on a spatial scale sufficient to estimate population densities for a majority of resident bird species. Results from those studies revealed extremely similar species richness, community biomass, and patterns of relative abundance. A third site in lowland Panama was originally censused in 1968-1969 and has often been compared with many other tropical and temperate sites. Results from Panama suggested an exceptionally different community structure from that observed at the Amazonian sites. Informative comparisons among sites have been hampered, however, by differences in sampling protocols. The Panama site was sampled on a much smaller spatial scale (2 ha) than the two Amazonian sites. To improve comparisons, we censused a 104-ha area (the Limbo plot) encompassing the original 2-ha Panama study area and used several census methods, including those used at the Amazonian sites. As expected, spatial scale had a strong effect on estimates of species richness. We detected 252 species on the Limbo plot, compared with 161 detected on the original 2-ha area. Estimates of total individual birds per 100 ha were similar, but estimates from the original study were based on densities measured for one-third fewer species than we measured on our larger study area. Of the 53 species for which both Panama studies estimated population densities, a significant number of estimates were higher in the original study. Thus, the small spatial scale of the original study apparently led to inflated density estimates. The primary cause of disparities appeared to result from undersampling in the smaller plot of many species with patchy distributions and large territory sizes. Compared with Amazonian communities, the Panama community had far fewer rare species. Although 33% of species in Amazonian sites had densities of ltoreq1 pair/100 ha, only 17% were equally rare in Panama. Furthermore, eight species in Panama were, by tropical standards, "superabundant," attaining densities as high as 212 breeding individuals/100 ha; the most abundant species in Amazonia barely reached one-third of that number. In total, those eight species accounted for 36% of all individuals at Limbo. The median abundance at Limbo was 7 pairs/100 ha, vs. 2.5 pairs/100 ha in Amazonia. Consequently, the total number of birds on the Limbo study area was nearly twice that found in Amazonia, despite species richness being only three-fourths as great. We conclude, first, that spatial scale has indeed had an important effect on the characterization of the Panama bird community. The intrinsically patchy distributions of most forest-dwelling bird species raise the need for large-scale censuses. Second, the Panama community, compared with the two Amazonian sites, has a fundamentally different organization; it hosts nearly twice as many individual birds and is distinctly less dominated by rarity. Similar patterns of community structure appear to be present within tree and mammal communities as well. Therefore, results from the Amazonian studies cannot be generalized to all lowland Neotropical communities. We attribute differences in community structure primarily to differing biogeographic histories. The lower species richness and the greater number of total birds present in Panama appear to derive, at least in part, from two important factors: an area effect linked to the location of Panama on a narrow isthmus, and the repeated history of disturbance on multiple temporal scales in Panama..'Scott, N.J. Scott, A.F. Malmgren, L.A.e 1976HACapturing and marking howler monkeys for field behavioral studiesaPrimates17527-533t("Scott, N.J. Wilson, D.E. Jones, C. 1976_The choice of perch dimensions by lizards of the genus Anolis (Reptilia, lacertilia, Iguanidae) 6=J. Herp.10 74-84n"Shapiro, B.A. Pickering, J. 2000Rainfall and parasitic wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) activity in successional forest stages at Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama, and La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica.("Agricultural and Forest Entomology2 39-47 Smythe, N. 1978HThe natural history of the cnetral american agouti (Dasyprocta punctata)4G*$Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology47369-381& Smythe, N. Glanz, W. Leigh, E.G. 1982:4Population regulation in some terrestrial frugivores <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changesn Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Pressb Smythe, N. 1982LFThe seasonal abundance of night-flying insects in a neotropical forest <6Egbert G. Leigh Jr. A. Stanley Rand Donald M. WindsorNGThe Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes^ Washington D.C.t $Smithsonian Institution Presso309-318 .'Sousa, Octavio E. Wolda, H. Batista, F.  1983PJTriatominos encontrados en el ambiente silvestre de la Isla Barro ColoradoRevista Medica de Panam81O 50-55aStallard, R.F. 1999vpErosion and the effects of deforestation in the Panama Banal Basin, in Panama Canal Watershed Monitoring Project>7Report of the Panama Canal Watershed Monitoring Project Panama II.9  8, 21 CD-ROMs2,Sternberg, L.S.L. Mulkey, S.S. Wright, S.J. 1989d]Ecological interpretation of leaf carbon isotope ratios: influence of respired carbon dioxiderEcologys70 1317-1324. /.-+.()f*VOFroelich, J.W. Socha, W.W. Wiener, A.S. Moor-Jankowski, J. Thorington, R.W. 1977=Blood groups of the mantled howler monkey (alouatta palliata) +<J. Med. Primatology\6f219-231 *$Froelich, J.W. Thorington Jr., R.W. 1982gThe genetic structure and socio-ecology of Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) on Barro Colorado Islanad 9M  Leigh et aln*#The Ecology of a Neotropical Forest Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press291-3052,Giacalone-Madden, J. Glanz, W. Leigh, E. Jr. 1990mFluctuationes poblacionales a largo plazo de Sciurus granatensis en relacion con la desponsibilidad de frutos-@  E. Leigh, Jr.$Ecologia de un Bosque Tropical"Gilbert, G.S. De Steven, D. 1996A canker disease of seedlings and saplings of Tetragastris panamensis (Burseraceae) caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in a lowland tropical forest Plant Disease80684-87l*#>8Glanz, W. Thorington, R. Giacalone-Madden, J. Heaney, L. 1982p?Seasonal Food Use and Demographic Trends in Sciurus granatensiso,  E. Leigh, Jr.& The Ecology of a Tropical Forest Washington, D.C. $Smithsonian Institution Press$Greenberg, S.C. Gradwohl, J.t 1983SSex roles in the dot-winged ant wren (Microrhopias quixensis), a tropical passerine &<=> Auk 100920-925$Greenberg, Russel Gradwohl, J. 1985b[A comparative study of the social organization of antwrens on Barro Colorado Island, Panamap Ornithological Monographs,36845-855BCIbib,]$Greenberg, Russel Gradwohl, J. 1986VOConstant Density and Stable Territoriality in Some Tropical Insectivorous Birds Oecologia694d618-625oD=Harms, K.E Wright, S.J. Caldern, O. Hernandez, A. Herre, E.Ay 2000^XPervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest Nature 404493-495Y^WPervasive;density-dependent;recruitment; enhances; seedling; diversity; tropical forestNegative density-dependent recruitment of seedlings, that is, seeds of a given species are less likely to become established seedlings if the density of that species is high, has been proposed to be an important mechanism contributing to the extraordinary diversity of tropical tree communities because it can potentially prevent any particular species from usurping all available space, either in close proximity to seed sources or at relatively larger spat